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Published in the Virology Journal of BioMedCentral (BMC), Kenji Yamamoto (Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Center of Varicose Veins, Okamura Memorial Hospital, 293-1 Kakita Shimizu-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-0904, Japan) warns that Boosters should be discontinued given that 8 months after 2 doses of the COVID-19 vaccines, the immune function among vaccinated individuals are lower than the unvaccinated. He also quotes the EMA (European Medicines Agency) as recommending against boosters due to concerns of adversely affecting the immune response. He suggests possible reasons for this, as well as suggestions to mitigate the adverse effects, and concludes COVID-19 vaccination is a major risk factor for infections in critically ill patients.

Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and measures to prevent them

• Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and measures to prevent them ^{(01) Yamamoto K. Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and measures to prevent them. Virol J. 2022 Jun 5;19(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s12985-022-01831-0. PMID: 35659687; PMCID: PMC9167431. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35659687/}
• Read on PubMed | BMC | ResearchGate

Read the full article from the links above.

Here are some extracts:

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the widespread use of genetic vaccines, including mRNA and viral vector vaccines. In addition, booster vaccines have been used, but their effectiveness against the highly mutated spike protein of Omicron strains is limited. Recently, The Lancet published a study on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and the waning of immunity with time. The study showed that immune function among vaccinated individuals 8 months after the administration of two doses of COVID-19 vaccine was lower than that among unvaccinated individuals. ^{(02)Nordström P, Ballin M, Nordström A. Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden. Lancet. … Click for full citation}

The decrease in immunity can be caused by several factors such as N1-methylpseudouridine, the spike protein, lipid nanoparticles, antibody-dependent enhancement, and the original antigenic stimulus. These clinical alterations may explain the association reported between COVID-19 vaccination and shingles. As a safety measure, further booster vaccinations should be discontinued. ^{(03) Krienke C, Kolb L, Diken E, Streuber M, Kirchhoff S, Bukur T, et al. A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science. 2021;371:145–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3638. (04) BNT162b2 Module 2.4. Nonclinical Overview. FDA-CBER-2021-4379-0000681 JW-v-HHS-prod-3-02418.pdf (judicialwatch.org) Access 6 May 2022. https://www.judicialwatch.org/documents/jw-v-hhs-fda-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-prod-3-02418/ (05)Ndeupen S, Qin Z, Jacobsen S, Bouteau A, Estanbouli H, Igyártó BZ. The mRNA-LNP platform’s lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory. Science. … Click for full citation (06) Yamamoto K. Risk of heparinoid use in cosmetics and moisturizers in individuals vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Thromb J. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-021-00320-8. (07) Lei Y, Zhang J, Schiavon CR, He M, Chen L, Shen H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impairs endothelial function via downregulation of ACE 2. Circ Res. 2021;128:1323–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902. (08) Liu Y, Soh WT, Kishikawa JI, Hirose M, Nakayama EE, Li S, et al. An infectivity-enhancing site on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein targeted by antibodies. Cell. 2021;184:3452-66.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.032. (09) Cho A, Muecksch F, Schaefer-Babajew D, Wang Z, Finkin S, Gaebler C, et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain antibody evolution after mRNA vaccination. Nature. 2021;600:517–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04060-7.}

The spike proteins present on exosomes circulate throughout the body for more than 4 months. ^{(10)Bansal S, Perincheri S, Fleming T, Poulson C, Tiffany B, Bremner RM, et al. Cutting edge: circulating exosomes with COVID spike protein are induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) vaccination prior to development of antibodies: a novel mechanism for … Click for full citation}

It has been hypothesized (via Observational findings) that there will be an increase in cardiovascular diseases, especially acute coronary syndromes, caused by the spike proteins in genetic vaccines. Besides the risk of infections owing to lowered immune functions, there is a possible risk of unknown organ damage caused by the vaccine that has remained hidden without apparent clinical presentations, mainly in the circulatory system. ^{(11) Gundry SR. Observational findings of PULS cardiac test findings for inflammatory markers in patients receiving mRNA vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144(suppl_1):A10712–A10712. https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.144.suppl_1.10712. (12) Lai FTT, Li X, Peng K, Huang L, Ip P, Tong X, et al. Carditis After COVID-19 vaccination with a messenger RNA vaccine and an inactivated virus vaccine: a case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175:362–70. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-3700.}

The references he cites are:

• Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden ^{(13)Nordström P, Ballin M, Nordström A. Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden. Lancet. … Click for full citation}
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 
• Interim public health considerations for the provision of additional COVID-19 vaccine doses ^{(14)European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim public health considerations for the provision of additional COVID-19 vaccine … Click for full citation}
• Fourth dose of COVID vaccine offers only slight boost against Omicron infection ^{(15) Mallapaty S. Fourth dose of COVID vaccine offers only slight boost against Omicron infection. Nature. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/D41586-022-00486-9.}
  Article PubMed Google Scholar 
• A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. ^{(16) Krienke C, Kolb L, Diken E, Streuber M, Kirchhoff S, Bukur T, et al. A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science. 2021;371:145–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3638.}
  Article PubMed Google Scholar 
• Cutting edge: circulating exosomes with COVID spike protein are induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) vaccination prior to development of antibodies: a novel mechanism for immune activation by mRNA vaccines. ^{(17)Bansal S, Perincheri S, Fleming T, Poulson C, Tiffany B, Bremner RM, et al. Cutting edge: circulating exosomes with COVID spike protein are induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) vaccination prior to development of antibodies: a novel mechanism for … Click for full citation}
  Article PubMed Google Scholar 
• BNT162b2 Module 2.4. Nonclinical Overview. JW-v-HHS-prod-3-02418.pdf (judicialwatch.org) ^{(18) BNT162b2 Module 2.4. Nonclinical Overview. FDA-CBER-2021-4379-0000681 JW-v-HHS-prod-3-02418.pdf (judicialwatch.org) Access 6 May 2022. https://www.judicialwatch.org/documents/jw-v-hhs-fda-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-prod-3-02418/}
• The mRNA-LNP platform’s lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory. ^{(19)Ndeupen S, Qin Z, Jacobsen S, Bouteau A, Estanbouli H, Igyártó BZ. The mRNA-LNP platform’s lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory. Science. … Click for full citation}
  Article Google Scholar 
• Risk of heparinoid use in cosmetics and moisturizers in individuals vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. ^{(20) Yamamoto K. Risk of heparinoid use in cosmetics and moisturizers in individuals vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Thromb J. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-021-00320-8.}
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 
• SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impairs endothelial function via downregulation of ACE 2. ^{(21) Lei Y, Zhang J, Schiavon CR, He M, Chen L, Shen H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impairs endothelial function via downregulation of ACE 2. Circ Res. 2021;128:1323–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902.}
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 
• An infectivity-enhancing site on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein targeted by antibodies. ^{(22) Liu Y, Soh WT, Kishikawa JI, Hirose M, Nakayama EE, Li S, et al. An infectivity-enhancing site on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein targeted by antibodies. Cell. 2021;184:3452-66.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.032.}
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 
• Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain antibody evolution after mRNA vaccination ^{(23) Cho A, Muecksch F, Schaefer-Babajew D, Wang Z, Finkin S, Gaebler C, et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain antibody evolution after mRNA vaccination. Nature. 2021;600:517–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04060-7.}
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 
• Can SARS-CoV-2 vaccine increase the risk of reactivation of Varicella zoster. Systematic review ^{(24) Desai HD, Sharma K, Shah A, Patoliya J, Patil A, Hooshanginezhad Z, et al. Can SARS-CoV-2 vaccine increase the risk of reactivation of Varicella zoster. Systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20:3350–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14521.}
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• Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: the role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs. ^{(26) Seneff S, Nigh G, Kyriakopoulos AM, McCullough PA. Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: the role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs. Food Chem Toxicol. 2022;164:113008. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2022.113008.}
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• Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. ^{(27) Lee EJ, Cines DB, Gernsheimer T, Kessler C, Michel M, Tarantino MD, et al. Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Am J Hematol. 2021;96:534–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJH.26132.}
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• Five important preventive measures against the exacerbation of coronavirus disease. ^{(28) Yamamoto K. Five important preventive measures against the exacerbation of coronavirus disease. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53:358–9. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2021.108581.}
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• Observational findings of PULS cardiac test findings for inflammatory markers in patients receiving mRNA vaccines ^{(30) Gundry SR. Observational findings of PULS cardiac test findings for inflammatory markers in patients receiving mRNA vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144(suppl_1):A10712–A10712. https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.144.suppl_1.10712.}
  Article Google Scholar 
• Carditis After COVID-19 vaccination with a messenger RNA vaccine and an inactivated virus vaccine: a case-control study. ^{(31) Lai FTT, Li X, Peng K, Huang L, Ip P, Tong X, et al. Carditis After COVID-19 vaccination with a messenger RNA vaccine and an inactivated virus vaccine: a case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175:362–70. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-3700.}
  Article PubMed Google Scholar

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